History of American Agriculture - Farmers and the Land

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Inventors A History of American Agriculture 1776-1990
Farmers and the Land

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16th-18th Centuries	17th century Small land grants commonly made to individual settlers; large tracts often granted to well-connected colonists 1619 First African slaves brought to Virginia; by 1700, slaves were displacing southern indentured servants 18th century English farmers settled in New England villages; Dutch, German, Swedish, Scotch-Irish, and English farmers settled on isolated Middle Colony farmsteads; English and some French farmers settled on plantations in tidewater and on isolated Southern Colony farmsteads in Piedmont; Spanish immigrants, mostly lower middle-class and indentured servants, settled the Southwest and California.
1776-99	1776 Continental Congress offered land grants for service in the Continental Army 1785, 1787 Ordinances of 1785 and 1787 provided for survey, sale, and government of northwestern lands 1790 Total population: 3,929,214 Farmers made up about 90% of labor force 1790 The U.S. area settled extended westward an average of 255 miles; parts of the frontier crossed the Appalachians 1790-1830 Sparse immigration into the United States, mostly from the British Isles 1796 Public Land Act of 1796 authorized Federal land sales to the public in minimum 640-acre plots at $2 per acre of credit
1800	1800 Total population: 5,308,483 1803 Louisiana Purchase 1810 Total population: 7,239,881 1819 Florida and other land acquired through treaty with Spain 1820 Total population: 9,638,453 1820 Land Law of 1820 allowed purchasers to buy as little as 80 acres of public land for a minimum price of $1.25 an acre; credit system abolished
1810
1820
1830	1830 Total population: 12,866,020 1830 The Mississippi River formed the approximate frontier boundary 1830-37 Land speculation boom 1839 Anti-rent war in New York, a protest against the continued collection of quitrents
1840	1840 Total population: 17,069,453 Farm population: 9,012,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 69% of labor force 1841 Preemption Act gave squatters first rights to buy land 1845-55 The potato famine in Ireland and the German Revolution of 1848 greatly increased immigration 1845-53 Texas, Oregon, the Mexican cession, and the Gadsden Purchase were added to the Union 1849 Gold Rush
1850	1850 Total population: 23,191,786 Farm population: 11,680,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 64% of labor force Number of farms: 1,449,000 Average acres: 203 1850's Successful farming on the prairies began 1850 With the California gold rush, the frontier bypassed the Great Plains and the Rockies and moved to the Pacific coast 1850-62 Free land was a vital rural issue 1854 Graduation Act reduced price of unsold public lands 1859-75 The miners' frontier moved eastward from California toward the westward-moving farmers' and ranchers frontier
1860	1860 Total population: 31,443,321 Farm population: 15,141,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 58% of labor force Number of farms: 2,044,000 Average acres: 199 1862 Homestead Act granted 160 acres to settlers who had worked the land 5 years 1865-70 The sharecropping system in the South replaced the old slave plantation system 1865-90 Influx of Scandinavian immigrants 1866-77 Cattle boom accelerated settlement of Great Plains; range wars developed between farmers and ranchers
1870	1870 Total population: 38,558,371 Farm population: 18,373,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 53% of labor force Number of farms: 2,660,000 Average acres: 153
1880	1880 Total population: 50,155,783 Farm population: 22,981,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 49% of labor force Number of farms: 4,009,000 Average acres: 134 1880's Heavy agricultural settlement on the Great Plains began 1880 Most humid land already settled 1880-1914 Most immigrants were from southeastern Europe 1887-97 Drought reduced settlement on the Great Plains
1890	1890 Total population: 62,941,714 Farm population: 29,414,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 43% of labor force Number of farms: 4,565,000 Average acres: 136 1890's Increases in land under cultivation and number of immigrants becoming farmers caused great rise in agricultural output 1890 Census showed that the frontier settlement era was over
1900	1900 Total population: 75,994,266 Farm population: 29,414,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 38% of labor force Number of farms: 5,740,000 Average acres: 147 1900-20 Continued agricultural settlement on the Great Plains 1902 Reclamation Act 1905-07 Policy of reserving timberlands inaugurated on a large scale
1910	1910 Total population: 91,972,266 Farm population: 32,077,00 (estimated) Farmers made up 31% of labor force Number of farms: 6,366,000 Average acres: 138 1909-20 Dryland farming boom on the Great Plains 1911-17 Immigration of agricultural workers from Mexico 1916 Stock Raising Homestead Act
1920	1920 Total population: 105,710,620 Farm population: 31,614,269 (estimated) Farmers made up 27% of labor force Number of farms: 6,454,000 Average acres: 148 1924 Immigration Act greatly reduced number of new immigrants
1930	1930 Total population: 122,775,046 Farm population: 30,455,350 (estimated) Farmers made up 21% of labor force Number of farms: 6,295,000 Average acres: 157 Irrigated acres: 14,633,252 1932-36 Drought and dust-bowl conditions developed 1934 Executive orders withdrew public lands from settlement, location, sale, or entry 1934 Taylor Grazing Act
1940	1940 Total population: 131,820.000 Farm population: 30,840,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 18% of labor force Number of farms: 6,102,000 Average acres: 175 Irrigated acres: 17,942,968 1940's Many former southern sharecroppers migrated to war-related jobs in cities
1950	1950 Total population: 151,132,000 Farm population: 25,058,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 12.2% of labor force Number of farms: 5,388,000 Average acres: 216 Irrigated acres: 25,634,869 1956 Legislation passed providing for Great Plains Conservation Program
1960	1960 Total population: 180,007,000 Farm population: 15,635,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 8.3% of labor force Number of farms: 3,711,000 Average acres: 303 Irrigated acres: 33,829,000 1960's State legislation increased to keep land in farming 1964 Wilderness Act 1965 Farmers made up 6.4% of labor force
1970	1970 Total population: 204,335,000 Farm population: 9,712,000 (estimated) Farmers made up 4.6% of labor force Number of farms: 2,780,000 Average acres: 390
1980-90	1980, 1990 Total population: 227,020,000 and 246,081,000 Farm population: 6,051,00 and 4,591,000 Farmers made up 3.4% and 2.6% of labor force Number of farms: 2,439,510 and 2,143,150 Average acres: 426 and 461 Irrigated acres: 50,350,000 (1978) and 46,386,000 (1987) 1980's For the first time since the 19th century, foreigners (Europeans and Japanese primarily) began to purchase significant acreages of farmland and ranchland 1986 The Southeast's worst summer drought on record took a severe toll on many farmers 1987 Farmland values bottomed out after a 6-year decline, signalling both a turnaround in the farm economy and increased competition with other countries' exports 1988 Scientists warned that the possibility of global warming may affect the future viability of American farming 1988 One of the worst droughts in the Nation's history hit midwestern farmers