The Beginning of Electronic Communications
In 1825, British inventor William Sturgeon (1783-1850) exhibited a device that laid the foundations for large-scale electronic communications: the electromagnet. Sturgeon displayed its power by lifting nine pounds with a seven-ounce piece of iron wrapped with wires through which the current of a single cell battery was sent.

In 1830, an American, Joseph Henry (1797-1878), demonstrated the potential of Sturgeon's device for long distance communication by sending an electronic current over one mile of wire to activate an electromagnet which caused a bell to strike. Thus the electric telegraph was born. Samuel F.B. Morse (1791-1872), whose sketches of a "magnetized magnet" in operation are shown here, successfully exploited Henry's invention commercially.

While a professor of arts and design at New York University in 1835, Samuel Morse proved that signals could be transmitted by wire. He used pulses of current to deflect an electromagnet, which moved a marker to produce written codes on a strip of paper - the invention of Morse Code. The following year, the device was modified to emboss the paper with dots and dashes. He gave a public demonstration in 1838, but it was not until five years later that Congress (reflecting public apathy) funded $30,000 to construct an experimental telegraph line from Washington to Baltimore, a distance of 40 miles.

Six years later, members of Congress witnessed the sending and receiving of messages over part of the telegraph line. Before the line had reached Baltimore, the Whig party held its national convention there, and on May 1, 1844, nominated Henry Clay. This news was hand-carried to Annapolis Junction (between Washington and Baltimore) where Morse's partner, Alfred Vail, wired it to the Capitol. This was the first news dispatched by electric telegraph.

The message, "What hath God wrought?" sent later by "Morse Code" from the old Supreme Court chamber in the United States Capitol to his partner in Baltimore, officially opened the completed line of May 24, 1844. Morse allowed Annie Ellsworth, the young daughter of a friend, to choose the words of the message, and she selected a verse from Numbers XXIII, 23: "What hath God wrought?", which was recorded onto paper tape. Morse's early system produced a paper copy with raised dots and dashes, which were translated later by an operator.

Painting: Self Portrait by Samuel Morse

Samuel Morse and his associates obtained private funds to extend their line to Philadelphia and New York. Small telegraph companies, meanwhile began functioning in the East, South, and Midwest. Dispatching trains by telegraph started in 1851, the same year Western Union began business. Western Union built its first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861, mainly along railroad rights-of-way.

In 1881, the Postal Telegraph System entered the field for economic reasons, and merged with Western Union in 1943.

The original Morse telegraph printed code on tape. However, in the United States the operation developed into sending by key and receiving by ear. A trained Morse operator could transmit 40 to 50 words per minute. Automatic transmission, introduced in 1914, handled more than twice that number.

In 1913 Western Union developed multiplexing, which it made possible to transmit eight messages simultaneously over a single wire (four in each direction). Teleprinter machines came into use about 1925. Varioplex, introduced in 1936, enabled a single wire to carry 72 transmissions at the same time (36 in each direction). Two years later Western Union introduced the first of its automatic facsimile devices. In 1959 Western Union inaugurated TELEX, which enables subscribers to the teleprinter service to dial each other directly.

Until 1877, all rapid long-distance communication depended upon the telegraph. That year, a rival technology developed that would again change the face of communication -- the telephone. By 1879, patent litigation between Western Union and the infant telephone system was ended in an agreement that largely separated the two services.

Samuel Morse is best known as the inventor of the telegraph, but he is also esteemed for his contributions to American portraiture. His painting is characterized by delicate technique and vigorous honesty and insight into the character of his subjects.

Samuel Morse - Patent Drawings
Samuel Morse developed telegraph wires and invented Morse code, an electronic alphabet patented in 1840 (1,647). The first telegraph was "What hath God wrought!" View the original patent drawing for this device.

History of Telegraphy and Samuel Morse
Telegraphy (in Greek: writing in distance) is, as we know, a communication system able to transmit signals which represent coded letters, numbers and signs of writing. From a book written in 1921, a detailed history.

Timeline - Samuel Morse
Biography of Samuel Morse as inventor and artist.

Samuel Morse
Samuel Morse invented the Morse telegraph.

The Story of Samuel Morse
Origin and growth of the ideas which later linked the world with submarine cables and wireless telegraphy.

First Morse telegraph message, 24 May 1844

Crooke and Wheatstone - Telegraphy
William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone were two physicists who worked together in Great Britain. The Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph was patented in 1837, using the principle of electromagnetism. Samuel F.B. Morse, an American inventor and painter developed another version of a telegraph at around the same time, called the Morse Telegraph. 

Creed Telegraph System
Canadian, Fredick Creed invented a way to convert morse code to text in 1900 called the Creed Telegraph System.

Stock Tickers
According to the Stock Ticker Company of Kalamazoo, MI, "In 1867, Mr. Edward A. Calahan of the American Telegraph Company invented the first stock telegraph printing instrument. It was his idea at the time that prices might be furnished through some form of telegraphy. The distinct sound of this telegraph printing instrument eventually earned it the name of stock ticker." Thomas Edison's first successful invention was an improved stock ticker called the "Universal Stock Printer".

Optical Telegraphy
The first telegraph was invented by Claude Chappe - this system was visual and used semaphore - a flag alphabet. The optical telegraph was replaced by the electric telegraph described above.

• The Charles Chappe Telegraph Systems
• The Chappe's Telegraph
• Claude Chappe : 1763 - 1805

Related Innovations
Telephone

©Mary Bellis

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